Materials/Method Assignment Needed ASAP
Below are the instructions ATTACHED for this assignment.
Needed ASAP BY TOMORROW MORNING 9AM-10AM
Minimum 5 pages.
Below I am also providing examples and what I am basically looking to talk about for my final paper.
Must provide any citations in APA format.
PLEASE HELP !
In the Materials and Methods section you explain clearly how you conducted your study
in order to: (1) enable readers to evaluate the work performed and (2) permit others to replicate your study.
You must describe exactly what you did: what and how experiments were run, what,how much, how often, where, when, and why equipment and materials were used. The main consideration is to ensure that enough detail is provided to verify your findings and to enable the replication of the study.
You should maintain a balance between brevity (you cannot describe every technical issue) and completeness (you need to give adequate detail so that readers know what happened).
This should be the easiest section to write.
1. Order your procedures chronologically or by type of procedure and then
chronologically within type of procedure using sub-headings, where appropriate, to
clarify what you did. It is up to you to decide what order of presentation will make the most sense to your reader.
2. Use the past tense and the third person to describe what you did. For example: “The sample was incubated at 37ºC for 3 days.” – NOT: “I incubate the sample at 37ºC for 3
days.”
3. Describe your experimental design clearly, including the hypotheses you tested,
variables measured, how many replicates you had, controls, treatments, etc.
4. Explain why each procedure was done. Reference may be made to a published
paper as an alternative to describing a lengthy procedure.
5. Identify the source of any specific type of equipment, a specific enzyme, organism,
or a culture from a particular supplier, which is critical to the success of the experiment.
6. Describe in detail any modifications to equipment or equipment constructed
specifically for the study and, if pertinent, provide illustrations of the modifications.
7. Precisely quantify measurements (all metric) and include errors of measurement.
8. Describe the dates and the site where your field study was conducted including
physical and biological characteristics of the site, if pertinent to the study’s objectives.
9. Identify treatments using the variable or treatment name, rather than an ambiguous, generic name or number (e.g., use “healthy donors” rather than “group 1”).
Other points to consider when writing the Materials and Methods:
1. Don’t mix results with procedures.
2. Omit all explanatory information and background – save it for the discussion.
3. Don’t include information that is irrelevant to the reader, such as what color ice
bucket you used, or which individual logged in the data.
Dependent Variable
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured. These variables are expected to change as a result of an experimental manipulation of the independent variable or variables. It is the presumed effect.
Independent Variable
The variable that is stable and unaffected by the other variables you are trying to measure. It refers to the condition of an experiment that is systematically manipulated by the investigator. It is the presumed cause.
The process of examining a research problem in the social and behavioral sciences is often framed around methods of analysis that compare, contrast, correlate, average, or integrate relationships between or among variables. Techniques include associations, sampling, random selection, and blind selection. Designation of the dependent and independent variable involves unpacking the research problem in a way that identifies a general cause and effect and classifying these variables as either independent or dependent.
The variables should be outlined in the introduction of your paper and explained in more detail in the methods section. There are no rules about the structure and style for writing about independent or dependent variables but, as with any academic writing, clarity and being succinct is most important.
After you have described the research problem and its significance in relation to prior research, explain why you have chosen to examine the problem using a method of analysis that investigates the relationships between or among independent and dependent variables. State what it is about the research problem that lends itself to this type of analysis. For example, if you are investigating the relationship between corporate environmental sustainability efforts [the independent variable] and dependent variables associated with measuring employee satisfaction at work using a survey instrument, you would first identify each variable and then provide background information about the variables. What is meant by “environmental sustainability”? Are you looking at a particular company [e.g., General Motors] or are you investigating an industry [e.g., the meat packing industry]? Why is employee satisfaction in the workplace important? How does a company make their employees aware of sustainability efforts and why would a company even care that its employees know about these efforts?
Identify each variable for the reader and define each. In the introduction, this information can be presented in a paragraph or two when you describe how you are going to study the research problem. In the methods section, you build on the literature review of prior studies about the research problem to describe in detail background about each variable, breaking each down for measurement and analysis. For example, what activities do you examine that reflect a company’s commitment to environmental sustainability? Levels of employee satisfaction can be measured by a survey that asks about things like volunteerism or a desire to stay at the company for a long time.
The structure and writing style of describing the variables and their application to analyzing the research problem should be stated and unpacked in such a way that the reader obtains a clear understanding of the relationships between the variables and why they are important. This is also important so that the study can be replicated in the future using the same variables but applied in a different way.
Direction and Rubric for Materials/Methods
Submitted in Ethical and or Cultural/Perspectives of Inquiry
The purpose of the materials and methods section is to explain your research in such detail that it could be repeated by another group of scientists and their results would be identical to yours. These sections in all scholarly papers are written in paragraph form and do not include any bullet point lists. It is also written in the past tense and formally. There will be less in text citations in this section in comparison to the lit review and the conclusion, but they are NOT optional. If you are using someone else’s idea or information that is not common knowledge you MUST cite the source. These sections do not include background information. If you find yourself writing about anything other than materials and methods used it need to go in either you lit review or conclusion. It is purely the recipe of the research paper.
Researchers
First you must identify (if you have them)
· Independent variable (there will only be one)
· Dependent variables (you will need 2 at least)
· Variables you will control for
· Control Group
· Experimental group
* THIS IS MY IN-CLASS ASSIGNMENT (WHAT I PICKED AS MY CONTROL & EXPERIMENTAL GROUP AND INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDANT VARIABLES) *
1). In your own words, define the following terms:
Control group = the group in a study/ experiment that doesn’t get treatment by researchers and is used as a standard to measure how the other tested members in the group do.
Experimental group = the group in an experiment that gets the variable being tested.
Independent variable = variable that is changed/controlled in an experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable.
Dependent variable = variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment.
2). Now decide how you will apply each one in your study:
What is your control group? Patients who are in palliative care and receiving psychiatric assistance.
What is/are your experimental group(s)? Palliative care patients who are not receiving psychiatric assistance.
What is independent variable? Benefits and outcome of mental well-being for patients and families of patients not receiving palliative care.
What is your dependent variable? Benefits and outcome of mental well-being for patients and families of patients receiving palliative care.
3). For your results, you will need at least two graphs. Briefly describe what you intend to show in each graph.
– Graph 1 describes % of patients who suffer from mental illness and benefit from palliative psychiatry.
– Graph 2 describes and explains different approaches, besides managing pain, that are used to enhance end of life care.
Materials
Includes a comprehensive list of all the materials needed for the experiment including
· The number of subjects and the inclusion criteria
· Units of measurement
Methods
Includes a step by step details account of the techniques used to collect data written in the past tense
Justifies the use of each technique used to collect valid data
Examples of how to start this section
· To investigate the correlation between
· To confirm the presence of
· To identify the cause of
Results Directions
Researchers Results
For this assignment 2 visual aids that illustrate your data collected are required
The visuals must be relevant to your research and must be created through your hypothetical study (you can’t use someone else’s data)
Chart, tables or graphs are acceptable and must include
· A title
· Labeled x and y axis
· Correct units of measurement
· Logical choice of measurement and units
After each visual a description of each follows. The description details the chart so that someone could recreate the chart without seeing it.
Running head: PALLIATIVE PSYCHIATRY 1
PALLIATIVE PSYCHIATRY 9
Palliative Psychiatry
Aileen Gonzalez
West Coast University
Introduction
Despite death being part and parcel of human life, it is usually treated as an illness. That is why there are the palliative care services that aim at increasing and improving the quality of people living with serious terminal and chronic illnesses. The focus of this particular unit of healthcare is to minimize the effects of the symptoms, and the stress suffered when one is seriously distressed. Like other medical services, the care also comprises of the palliative psychiatry, which in this case focus on people with mental illnesses rather than the general illnesses. Primarily, the services are offered by a team of professionals comprising of the nurses, doctors, and other specialists; who work together to ensure that the patients receive support. They guarantee that individuals under their observation have access to an extra layer of support despite their age and the stage of disease they are in.
Background of Palliative Psychiatry
Psychiatry and palliative care are said to have a common medical ground. The two are interrelated in that a large portion of patients receiving the palliative care tend to suffer from mental-related issues like anxiety and depression. Thus, the proposal by the World Health Organization for all the mentally ill patients receiving psychiatric medication should be introduced to the long-term residential care that resembles the palliative care (WHO, 2016). Palliative Psychiatry was introduced to care for the people who suffer neglect due to persistent mental illnesses as well as the aggressive people within their current mental status (Keszte et al., 2013). The high number of people suffering from Schizophrenia and inadequacy of quality life expectancy, those living with therapy-refractory depression, and the severe and constant suicide efforts were the drivers for the interaction between the two. Palliative care is necessary for not only improving the quality of life of an individual but also the outcome of their treatment, personal centeredness, as well as the autonomy of the patient in making their personal decisions.
Mainly, 30% of the people receiving the palliative care services suffer from anxiety. Also, 38% of them have issues related to depression while 20-45% of the population suffer from other mental illnesses globally (Billings & Block, 2009). For that reason, over the last two decades, the collaboration between the two fields of psychiatry and palliative care has greatly increased in the developed countries. As outlined in the guidelines established by the Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences, there is a need for the people with Severe Persistent Mental Illnesses to get more attention from the field of palliative care. According to the institution, most of the mentally ill patients tend to be overlooked even when they are suffering from physical diseases. Thus, there is a need for the close attention from the palliative care to the mentally ill this reducing the occurrence of suicide.
Role of Psychiatrists in Palliative Care
Psychiatrists are the people responsible for the assessment and the analysis of the mental status and progress of people suffering from mental diseases. In the palliative care setting, they are helpful in giving medical support to the patients. However, although this is their primary role in their career, they are as well helpful in ensuring that the patients enjoy and feel happy during their remaining part of life. Irwin & Ferris (2008), they offer the psychotherapy services to help the patients explain themselves. In doing so, the patients can find happiness and satisfaction especially when they understand that people do care about them. This ensures that there is minimal pain experienced during their departure time. In addition, they counsel the family members who might be traumatized and depressed due to the condition of their family members. A psychiatrists’ role at this particular moment is to ensure that life is easier for both the patients and their relations. Also, when the patient dies, the family is faced with a difficult time when they need the emotional support. A psychiatrist is the most appropriate to comfort them and give them the support they need.
As well, they educate people and especially the families on how to best handle the patients in their current status. In most cases, people suffering from the terminal illnesses and the mental diseases tend to be stubborn and aggressive (Trachsel et al., 2016). Therefore, it might be difficult to associate with them because of the harm they are likely to cause. However, psychiatrists tend to understand and know the best approaches to use and persuade them. Unlike others in need of the palliative care, people with mental disability need more than care and the state of their mental capacity may cause pain to those around them.
To ensure the total well-being and improve the quality of life for people suffering from terminal diseases and in their final days in the world, it is necessary to ensure general assessment and analysis of the patients. Palliative care focus on the physical, psychosocial, and the spiritual aspects of an individual’s life. Nonetheless, there is a need for mental well-being which can only be enhanced by the availability of psychiatrist (Mitchell et al., 2011). This creates a special place for the psychiatrists in the care centers just like it is the case with the nurses and doctors. Sometimes, mental issues that may be hard for other professionals to recognize and treat might be the cause and source of pain for a patient. They are responsible for ensuring that the staff remains in their right mental state while providing their care.
Need for Psychiatry
The growing evidence proves that with the advanced life-threatening illnesses, there is an increase in the psychosocial and psychiatric issues. The need for a psychiatric in palliative care also increases with the advancement of the acute and complex issues that result in threatening illnesses (Knopf & Head, 2012). With the need to care for the patients and their families. Despite the expertise and capability of the professionals involved in providing the care services, including most of the psychiatric issues, they still do not have the best understanding of assessing analyzing, as well as managing the complex psychiatric issues (Breitbart & Dickerman, 2008). As a result, the psychiatrists are required to help in such issues. Macleod (2013) argues that it is difficult for the care providers to identify depression among the patients suffering from terminal diseases. As a result, if they are not recognized in time, they lead to a reduced life expectancy.
The Scope of Palliative Care in Psychiatry
As defined by WHO (2014), Palliative Psychiatry is the approach used by the healthcare practitioners to increase the worth of the life of patients as well as supporting both the patients and the family in facing the problems brought about by the threatening and persistent severe mental illness. It involves the ensuring relief and prevention of the sufferings through the treatment and assessment of mental, physical, social, and even the spiritual state of the patients (Stoddard et al., 2011). Besides, it focuses on avoiding and reducing the burden associated with the mental problems. Essentially, it ensures that all the processes conducted revolve around making life better for the people but not increase their suffering.
Besides, the scope of the care is quite broad. It ranges from the short-terms aimed at reducing the impact of the diseases and the targeted measures that the team are using to alleviate and minimize the patients’ mental pain. Usually, psychiatrists ensure the mental well-being of the mentally ill patients, as well as their overall welfare to ensure that they receive ultimate happiness. In most cases, the psychiatric activities are not aimed at establishing the corrective measure but to ensure the control of the current illness (Deodhar, 2016). Thus, the psychiatrists are responsible for the stabilizing their current life without interfering with the disease progression in the long-term.
Benefits of Psychiatry in Palliative Care
According to the previous research, about a fifth to a third of the total population of people receiving palliative care also suffer from mental illnesses (Dunlop et al., 2013). This comprises of between four and seven million people who have the Schizophrenia; a mental disease that is capable of making one to develop impaired life (Miyamoto et al., 2015). In such a scenario where people tend to have a disrupted social life, they need the help of the psychiatrist who can convince them to accept medical assistance.
In addition, they also act in place of other professionals by helping maintain all the various domains in palliative care that are essential (Trachsel et al., 2016). For instance, they enhance a good relationship between the family, patients, and the professional by ensuring that happiness around the patients are as per their wish or that of the family. For example, showing respect for one’s culture by allowing them to practice their traditions and rituals. Also, respecting the spiritual beliefs of the person by ensuring that they get all the spiritual support they need. Although it does not postpone death, happiness enhances longer life.
Risk of Palliative Psychiatry
Despite the well-established positions of the field of psychiatry and their services in the palliative care, they have not yet been fully accepted in practice. The major reason being lack of the necessary knowledge on palliative care (Sexton et al., 2016). Most of them lack the training that allows them to conduct themselves as palliative psychiatrists. So far, only a pilot has been used to increase exposure of the psychiatric patients to the end-of-life care. As a result, this has kept a distinct difference between the two fields.
Besides, the professional themselves lack exposure to palliative care. According to Irwin et al. (2011), unlike other specialists in the healthcare industry, psychiatry schooling does not include the introduction and training on palliative care. As a result, they enter their careers with no experience or mindset that relates to the end-of-life care. For that reason, the mentally challenged patients are considered eligible for the care only in the instances of severe persistent anorexia nervosa and dementia (Irwin, 2013). Nonetheless, with the increasing number of people suffering from terminal diseases, the level of mental illnesses has also increased. As a result, the psychiatrists are taking their positions in enhancing quality life through the reduction of pain in the patients’ lives.
Conclusion
Palliative care is concerned with the patients’ well-being and pain. Their main focus is to improve the lives of those living in pain of the terminal diseases before their day to rest arrives. The patients are usually under intense pain which demands not only their physical and spiritual sustenance but also the mental. Although psychiatrists do not seem to be appreciated in this service, they have a critical role they uniquely play in palliative care; bearing in mind that most people under the care have mental challenges. Besides, the training they receive also plays a role in closing them out. They are not introduced to end-of-life care in time. Thus, they lack the necessary exposure as well as mindset required in the field.
References
Billings, J. A., & Block, S. D. (2009). Integrating psychiatry and palliative medicine: the challenges and opportunities. In Handbook of psychiatry in palliative medicine (pp. 13-22). Oxford University Press, New York.
Breitbart, W., & Dickerman, A. L. (2008). Assessment and management of depression in palliative care. UpToDate [online], 16.
Deodhar, J. K. (2016). End-of-Life care and Psychiatry: Current trends and future directions in India. Mens Sana monographs, 14(1), 152.
Dunlop, B. W., Scheinberg, K., & Dunlop, A. L. (2013). Ten ways to improve the treatment of depression and anxiety in adults. Mental health in family medicine, 10(3), 175.
Irwin, S. A., & Ferris, F. D. (2008). The opportunity for psychiatry in palliative care. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 53(11), 713-724.
Irwin, S. A., Montross, L. P., Bhat, R. G., Nelesen, R. A., & von Gunten, C. F. (2011). Psychiatry resident education in palliative care: opportunities, desired training, and outcomes of a targeted educational intervention. Psychosomatics, 52(6), 530-536.
Keszte, J., Danker, H., Dietz, A., Meister, E., Pabst, F., Vogel, H. J., & Singer, S. (2013). Mental disorders and psychosocial support during the first year after total laryngectomy: a prospective cohort study. Clinical Otolaryngology, 38(6), 494-501.
Knopf, K., & Head, B. (2012). “As If the Cancer Wasn’t Enough…” A Case Study of Depression in Terminal Illness. Journal of Hospice & Palliative Nursing, 14(5), 319-329.
Macleod, A. D. (2013). Palliative medicine and psychiatry.
Mitchell, A. J., Chan, M., Bhatti, H., Halton, M., Grassi, L., Johansen, C., & Meader, N. (2011). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder in oncological, hamatological, and palliative-care settings: a meta-analysis of 94 interview-based studies. The lancet oncology, 12(2), 160-174.
Miyamoto, S., Jarskog, L. F., & Fleischhacker, W. W. (2015). Schizophrenia: when clozapine fails. Current opinion in psychiatry, 28(3), 243-248.
Sexton, J. M., Zeris, S., Davies, P. S., Loggers, E. T., & Fann, J. R. (2016). Palliative care training for psychiatry residents: development of a pilot curriculum. Academic Psychiatry, 40(2), 369-371.
Stoddard, F. J., Pandya, A. A., & Katz, C. L. (2011). Disaster psychiatry: readiness, evaluation, and treatment. American Psychiatric Pub.
Trachsel, M., Irwin, S. A., Biller-Andorno, N., Hoff, P., & Riese, F. (2016). Palliative psychiatry for severe and persistent mental illness. The Lancet. Psychiatry, 3(3), 200.
Trachsel, M., Wild, V., Biller-Andorno, N., & Krones, T. (2015). Compulsory treatment in chronic anorexia nervosa by all means? Searching for a middle ground between a curative and a palliative approach. The American Journal of Bioethics, 15(7), 55-56.
Winer, R. A. (2013). Formalizing palliative training in psychiatry residency programs. Academic Psychiatry, 37(6), 444-446.
World Health Organization (WHO) 2016. Schizophrenia. Fact sheet. Accessed from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs397/en/.
World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). WHO definition of palliative care. Accessed from www.who.int/cancer/palliative/definition/en/.
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